نشریه ورزش و علوم زیست حرکتی
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 27، بهار و تابستان 1401)

One of the diseases that has caused some problems for the elderly today is diabetic neuropathy. The purpose of this research was the effect of eight weeks of endurance, resistance and combined exercises on levels of Neuroglin-1, agrin C-terminal fragment, insulin resistance, functional factors and body composition in elderly men with type 2 diabetic neuropathy.

The current research is semi-experimental with 40 diabetic men with neuropathy, age range between 50 and 65 years, with at least two years of history of the disease, with glycosylated hemoglobin level between 6.5 and 7%, fasting blood glucose above 125 to 150 mL.gr.dl were selected by available and targeted sampling method and were randomly divided into four endurance, resistance, combined and control groups. The training groups did their exercises 3 times a week for eight weeks, and the control group was without physical activity. Blood samples were measured 48 hours before and after the research, 5 cc were taken from the brachial vein. For intra-group and inter-group comparison, respectively, t-correlation method and one-way variance and a significance level of less than 0.05 were considered.

The values of weight, body mass index, resting heart rate, hip circumference ratio, fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin resistance, C-terminal agrin peptide showed a significant decrease in all three experimental groups compared to the control group. Also, the values of oxygen consumption, Neuroglin-1, stork balance test and TUG functional test showed a significant increase in all three experimental groups compared to the control group.Discussion and

Eight weeks of endurance, resistance and combined exercises have positive changes on the body mass index and improve the functional status of type 2 diabetic neuropathy patients and are probably effective in increasing the physiological and physical status of these patients.

Exercise, as a practical solution, plays an important role in increasing adropine, improving insulin resistance, and preventing the effects of being overweight. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and interval training on adropine levels and insulin resistance and their relationship with insulin resistance in overweight men.

Twenty-four overweight young men with an average age of 28.4±3.14 years, 77.11±4.89 kg and body mass index27.76±.37kg/m2 voluntarily participated in the present study and were randomly assigned to aerobic exercise (n=8), intense intermittent exercise (n=8) or control (n=8). Interval exercise (with theintensity of maximum heart rate of 90–100) and aerobic exercise (with the intensity of 50–75% of maximum heart rate) for 6 weeks, 3 alternating sessions per week, for 45 to 65 minutes have been done. Before and after the interventions, blood samples were collected to measure adropine, glucose, and insulin levels in the 12-hour fasting state.

The results showed that 6 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, as well as 6 weeks of interval exercise, led to a significant increase in adropine and a significant decrease in insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance in overweight men (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant negative relationship between changes in adropine, glucose, and insulin resistance (P<0.05). There was no significant relationship between adropine serum levels and blood insulin (P>0.05).Discussion and

It is concluded that both moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and interval exercise reduce insulin resistance in overweight men and lead to the prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.  Adropine appears to play a role in these exercise-induced changes.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, characterized by the deposition of fat in liver cells, can cause fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cell damage if not controlled. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks endurance training on fatty liver and lipid profile indices, insulin resistance and body composition in diabetic women with NAFLD.

in this study, 30 diabetic women (age 53±7, height 158±4, and weight 75±9) with non-alcoholic fatty liver participated. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of control (n=15) and exercise (n=15). The training group program was performed by running in each session for 30-45 minutes and 60-70% of the heart rate reserve and three sessions per week for eight weeks. Liver enzymes, lipid profile, blood sugar, insulin, insulin resistance index, Percent body fat and VO2max were evaluated before and after the training protocol. ANOVA test with repeated measures was used to determine the differences. With confidence interval of P<0.05.

Results of analysis of variance with repeated measures in lipid profile variables (TG, TC, HDL and LDL), liver enzymes (ALT and AST), insulin, insulin resistance, maximum oxygen consumption, WHR, weight and Body mass index showed that the interactive effect of time × group was significant in these variables  (P<0.05). The results of Bonferroni post hoc test reported a significant decrease in fat profile variables in the exercise group compared to the control group except for HDL in the exercise group, which did not show a significant change and in the control group (P <0.05). Also, the comparison between groups showed that there was a significant difference between control and exercise groups in fasting blood sugar factors, ALT, AST, TG, HDL, LDL, insulin, insulin resistance, maximum oxygen consumption, WHR, weight and Percent body fat (P<0.05).Discussion and

These results suggest that moderate intensity aerobic exercise can play an important role in the improvement of these patients by compensating for the destructive effects of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver. In addition, aerobic exercise can prevent the progression of NAFLD.

Examining the hormonal profile of different sports fields is used in many researches to provide criteria and indicators. Considering the importance of cycling, this study examined the hormonal profile of male cyclists of the Iranian national team.

In this descriptive study, 95 male cyclists of the Iranian national team with a mean and standard deviation of height 175.4±4.5 cm, weight 74.5±3.8 kg and body mass index 9.0±0.7 23 were examined as samples. The research variables included serum levels of testosterone, growth hormone, insulin-like growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and erythropoietin hormone. 48 hours after the last training session, fasting blood was taken from the elbow vein of the subjects.

In male cyclists of the Iranian national team, the average serum level of testosterone hormone was 4.44±0.23 ng/ml, the average serum level of growth hormone was 0.24±0.17 ng/ml, the average serum level Insulin-like growth hormone 246.3±56.64 μg/L, luteinizing hormone mean serum level 2.44±0.72 IU/mL, thyroid stimulating hormone mean serum level 2.33±0.8 mIU/mL and the average serum level of erythropoietin hormone was 4.79 ± 0.97 mIU/mL. Discussion and

The reference values of the examined hormones are not valid for the general population of elite athletes. New reference limits should be established for hormonal variables in elite athletes. Because their metabolic, nutritional and exercise status is different from the normal non-athlete population.

Today, experts believe that diet and drugs alone are not enough to treat and control sugar and blood fat metabolism of patients, but physical and sports activities should also be added to the daily schedule. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a combined training course (aerobic-TRX) and cinnamon supplementation on the serum levels of apelin and IL-6 in inactive overweight women.

In this semi-experimental study with preand post-test design; 40 overweight women were randomly assigned into the four groups such as: combined exercise (n=10), combined exercise-cinnamon supplement (n=10), cinnamon supplement (n=10 people) and control (n=10). Aerobic exercise was performed with 50-75% of the maximum heart rate and TRX exercise in the range of 12 to 17 pressure perception on the Borg scale. Blood was taken 24 hours before the start of the training period and 48 hours after the end of the last session to measure apelin and interleukin-6.Then, by using covariance analysis test, between-group changes were used and paired t-test was used for intra-group comparison. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 25 software at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results between groups show a significant difference in the serum concentration of IL-6 and apelin (P=0.001). The results of the paired t-test show a significant decrease in LI-6 and Aplin values for all three groups (P<0.05).Discussion and

The reduction of inflammation caused by sports activity is one of the effective factors in reducing the level of apelin in the present study. According to the results of the present research and since combined exercise (aerobic-TRX) has a beneficial effect on apelin and interleukin-6. Cinnamon supplementation effectively reduces adipose tissue significantly, but does not affect muscle metabolism in the same way as exercise. However, both interventions may be used together as a powerful weight loss technique.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients experience the problems related to balance and concentration. The present study aimed to assess the effect of a six-week period of Pilates exercise with music on balance and concentration in MS patients.

The statistical sample of the present study included 29 female MS patients aged 20-50 years with the degree of disability in the range of 2-5, who were homogenized based on the strength test. The pre-test was performed using a static statabiometer system, a dynamic balance test and concentration test and participants were placed in three groups. The first experimental group implemented Pilate’s exercises for six week, threedaya at week and 60 minute per session. Each exercise session was divided into three parts of warming up (10-15 min), doing Pilates exercises (35-40 min), and cool down (10 min). The second experimental group performed these exercises with music and patients in the control group only did their daily activities during exercise course. Then, the participants were post-tested by using the mentioned tool. ANCOVA and LSD post hoc test were used to compare the groups and determine the level of significance (P<0.05).

Based on the statistical analysis, the components of static and dynamic balance and concentraition in experimental and control groups were significantly different and experimental groups were higher thn control group. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between Pilates exercise program with and without music in any of variables.Discussion and

In general, when using Pilates and Pilates exercises programs with music, the quality and type of exercises designed in Pilates training sessions is of particular importance,and required precision should be taken during using music appropriately.

Ankle sprain is a common injury in volleyball. This research aimed to investigate the effect of ten weeks of water training with emphasis on central stability exercises on balance, movement and physical performance of volleyball players with chronic ankle sprains.

60 people with ankle sprains participated in this research using the available sampling, divided into two experimental groups (30 people) and control (30 people). The subjects of the experimental group did four sessions of 60 minutes each week for ten weeks, while the control group did not experience any effective physical activity during this period. To evaluate the balance using the Biodex balance machine and to evaluate the physical performance from the aerobic performance test (stair test), agility performance test (time of the two-by-nine test), muscular endurance performance test (score of the sit-up test), Sargent's vertical jump and the three-minute staircase test was used and the pain level of the participants was measured based on the visual index of pain measurement. The data was analyzed using covariance analysis at the 0.05 level.

In this study, a significant difference was found in the balance scores, pain level and some physical fitness factors of the experimental group compared to the pre- training period (P<0.05), while no significant change was observed in the control group (P≥0.05)). In comparison with the control group, the balance scores of the experimental group showed a significant increase after ten weeks of therapeutic exercise in water.Discussion and

It seems that stabilizing exercises in water improves physical performance and reduces the severity of people with ankle sprains.

Exercise training is an effective strategy to multiple sclerosis treatment. This study investigated the effect of progressive resistance training on walking ability, fatigue and quality of life in women with MS.

For this purpose, sixteen women with MS participated in this study. Subjects randomly were divided to control (32.37±8.15 years old) and experimental groups (29.71±5.37 years old). The experimental group participated in a graduate resistance training program for 8 weeks, 3 days/week, 40-70% of 1-Repetition Maximum (1-RM). Before and after exercise training, walking speed, walking endurance, fatigue and quality of life were measured in control and experimental groups. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to statistical analyses. Significance level was set to < 0.05.

Walking ability (endurance and speed walking) after 8 weeks resistance training significantly increased in experimental group (P=0.0001); while, walking ability decreased significantly in the control group (P=0.04). In the other hand, fatigue in experimental group significantly decreased (P=0.001), while in the control group insignificantly increased (P=0.73). Also, resistance training improved the mental health and quality of life of women with MS, while it decreased in control group (P= 0.04). On the other hand, there is no significant difference between the two groups in the quality of life and fatigue before and after training, but the walking ability (speed and endurance) after training in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group.Discussion and

It seems that 8 weeks of progressive moderate-intensity resistance training can lead to increased walking ability and decreased fatigue, and ultimately lead to improved mental health and quality of life in women with MS.

The effects of concurrent training (CT) on physical fitness (CRF) are well known in different populations. However, less is known about the difference between forwarding (FW) and backward walking (BW) in part of aerobic training. So, the aim of the present study was the comparison of strength training (ST) with CT (FW vs BW) on body composition and physical fitness of middle age men.

For this purpose, 48 middle age men were randomly divided into four groups: ST, concurrent training with forwarding walking (CFW) concurrent training with backward walking (CBW), and control (Con). The subjects did exercise training for eight weeks, three sessions per week. After the last training session the body composition, upper and lower body strength, agility, balance, and aerobic endurance were assessed.

The results showed that there were no significant differences between groups in weight, fat-free mass, and fat mass (P>0.05). Upper and lower body muscle strength, agility and balance, and aerobic endurance were increased in all training groups compared to before and after training with no difference between the groups.Discussion and

It can be said that eight weeks of ST and CT (FW vs BW) has a significant and beneficial effect on the functional performance of middle age men, and there is no concern about the interference effects of these exercises. So, because of the effectiveness of BW on other performance parameters and in order to diversify to CT, BW can be used by trainers as a part of aerobic exercises.

Decreased physical activity in rodents has caused a decrease in muscle mass, cross-sectional area of myofibrils (CSA) and force production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reducing physical activity after a period of endurance training on the expression of STIM1, Orai1 and MG29 genes in the plantaris muscle of male Wistar rats.

The current research is experimental and basic. 16 male white desert rats, Wistar breed, weighing 250 ± 20 grams, were randomly divided into two groups. Control group - Spinal nerve ligation (SNL): This group included 8-week-old male rats whose three sciatic branches were tightly tied. The second group included 8 rats who received SNL after a period of endurance training. They did the endurance training protocol in the present study was for 4 days a week for 6 weeks. It increased from 10 meters per minute for 10 minutes in the first week to 17-18 meters per minute for 30 minutes in the fifth week. After the last training session, rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine, and muscle tissue was extracted. To determine the significance of the difference between the variables, independent t-test was used, and SPSS-22 software was used to analyze the data with a significance level of P>0.05

The results of the present research showed that endurance training before SNL caused a significant change in the MG29 gene (P=0.07) and a significant increase in the Stim1 gene and Orai1 (P>0.05).Discussion and

Endurance training was able to modulate the expression disorder of these proteins in the state of neuropathy, which may be due to various mechanisms such as controlling oxidative stress factors and growth factors, in this way exerts its beneficial effects.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of participation in eight weeks of the double-pyramid resistance training and the pyramid speed training on selected physical and physiological factors of male young freestyle-wrestling elites.

Thirty young elite freestyle wrestlers were randomly selected and divided in three groups of resistance training (double-pyramidal form), the speed training (pyramidal form) and, the control group. The exercise groups of resistance and speed each took part in their specialized training program for 8 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Data was analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and the Sidak Post-Hoc Test in SPSS v.0.21 (P<0.05).

The results showed that the increase in the factors of body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, lower body muscle strength, peak power, and average power in the double pyramid group was significantly higher than the control group and the speed pyramid group (P<0.05), on the other hand, the improvement of 30m sprint time, 400m test time, and speed drop factors were significantly higher in the speed pyramid group compared to the control group and the resistance group. (P<0.05). Also, other findings of this test revealed that the improvement of lower body muscle endurance and flexibility was significantly higher in both groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).Discussion and

According to the findings of the research, it can be said that wrestling coaches can use double pyramid resistance exercises to improve muscle strength and pyramid speed exercises to improve the body speed of freestyle wrestlers.

Performance of athletes during competitions it is important in short sessions of exercise which can also be influenced by many factors. Blood concentrations determined by blood components such as proteins level. The aim of this study, the effect of acute exhaustive aerobic exercise on plasma proteins levels in male athlete and non-athlete.

In this study, 12 athletes and 12 non-athletes male voluntarily participated. These two groups performed an aerobic test to the exhaustion on a Monarc bicycle (model E839, made in Sweden). Before, immediately and 24 hours after the sports activity, blood samples were taken from the subjects. After collecting the data, the descriptive statistics method was used to categorize the information and to compare the variables within the group, the repeated measurement statistical method was used, and the independent t-test statistical method was used to compare between groups.

Results showed that the levels of total protein, albumin and plasma globulin in athletes and non-athletes male in before, immediately and 24 hours after exercise were significantly different (P<0.05), also there was significant difference in the levels of plasma creatinine in athletes (P<0.0001), but there was no significant difference in non-athletes male (P=0.15).Discussion and

Considering that the recovery period is particularly important in sports activities, it seems that the recovery period of the present research variables is different. Also, being an athlete or non-athlete causes different results in some variables.